Cephalexin is a member of the cephalosporin group of antibiotics, and is prescribed for a variety of mild infections. It is not as wide ranging in its action as some other antibiotics, but it is useful for treating infections of the respiratory tract as well as skin conditions (including acne) and soft tissue infections.
The antibiotic can be prescribed on its own or as a follow up after an injection of a stronger cephalosporin has been administered. It is also used as a low dose antibiotic that can be administered over an extended period of time. It is a fairly short acting antibiotic and therefore is not as convenient as some others because it must be taken fairly frequently (every four hours).
Ref: www.3dchem.com
Strong research and development programs are vital to the continued success of pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies in today's fiercely competitive markets. The costs associated with these R&D projects can be staggering. Also, the number of possible directions that a company can take it’s R&D program is growing at unprecedented rates. That is why many companies today are looking to reduce costs and limit their focus by turning to computer modeling, simulations, data mining, and other computer based methods. These strategies, however, are limited by the availability and effectiveness of the computational resources at hand.
Atenolol, a competitive beta(1)-selective adrenergic antagonist, has the lowest lipid solubility of this drug class. Although it is similar to metoprolol, atenolol differs from pindolol and propranolol in that it does not have intrinsic sympathomimetic properties or membrane-stabilizing activity. Atenolol is used alone or with chlorthalidone in the management of hypertension and edema.
Like metoprolol, atenolol competes with sympathomimetic neurotransmitters such as catecholamines for binding at beta(1)-adrenergic receptors in the heart and vascular smooth muscle, inhibiting sympathetic stimulation. This results in a reduction in resting heart rate, cardiac output, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and reflex orthostatic hypotension. Higher doses of atenolol also competitively block beta(2)-adrenergic responses in the bronchial and vascular smooth muscles.
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Efavirenz is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) and is used as part of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for the treatment of a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1. For HIV infection that has not previously been treated, efavirenz and lamivudine in combination with zidovudine or tenofovir is the preferred NNRTI-based regimen. It is never used alone and is always given in combination with other drugs.
Efavirenz falls in the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) class of antiretrovirals. Both nucleoside and non-nucleoside RTIs inhibit the same target, the reverse transcriptase enzyme, an essential viral enzyme which transcribes viral RNA into DNA. Unlike nucleoside RTIs, which bind at the enzyme's active site, NNRTIs bind within a pocket termed the NNRTI pocket. Efavirenz is not effective against HIV-2, as the pocket of the HIV-2 reverse transcriptase has a different structure, which confers intrinsic resistance to the NNRTI class
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